Main Article Content
Abstract
Disasters, both natural and non-natural, can cause a severe impact on every life aspects in a country, including the economic aspect. In Indonesia, as a reaction of deteriorating economic conditions caused by disasters, households are often forced to adjust the declining of their real income by taking out their children from school thereby they can send them to work as a household buffer to shocks. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the natural disaster damage on the number of child labor and the differences of these impacts between urban and rural areas. By using cross section data from the fifth wave Indonesia Family Life Survey collected in 2014, we find that there is a positive relation between the natural disaster damage and the number of child labor, and then a significant difference between impacts in urban and rural areas. Policy implications of the findings are provided.
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References
- Bandara, A., Dehejia, R., & Lavie-Rouse, S. (2015). The impact of income and nonincome shocks on child labor: Evidence from a panel survey of Tanzania. World Development, 67, 218-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.019.
- Basu, K., & Van, P. H. (1998). The economics of child labor. American Economic Review, 88(3), 412-427. https://www.jstor.org/stable/116842.
- Beegle, K., Dehejia, R. H., & Gatti, R. (2006). Child labor and agricultural shocks. Journal of Development Economics, 81(1), 80-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.05.003.
- Belloni, A., Chernozhukov, V., & Hansen, C. (2014). Inference on treatment effects after selection among high-dimensional controls. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(2), 608-650. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt044.
- Bhalotra, S., & Heady, C. (2003). Child farm labor: The wealth paradox. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 197-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg017.
- De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2014). Does economic growth really benefit the poor? Income distribution dynamics and pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(2), 227-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2014.938405.
- Del Carpio, X. V., Loayza, N. V., &Wada, T. (2016). The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor. World Development, 80, 33-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.013.
- Dumas, C. (2007). Why do parents make their children work? A test of the poverty hypothesis in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Oxford Economic Papers, 59(2), 301-329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl031.
- Edmonds, E. V. (2006). Understanding sibling differences in child labor. Journal of Population Economics, 19(4), 795-821. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0013-3.
- Fitzsimons, E. (2007). The effects of risk on education in Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(1), 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/520560.
- Frank, L. E., & Friedman, J. H. (1993). A statistical view of some chemometrics regression tools. Technometrics, 35(2), 109-135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1993.10485033.
- Gee, K. A. (2010). Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from nicaragua’s red de protecci ´on social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00506.x.
- Grimm, M. (2011). Does household income matter for children’s schooling? Evidence for rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics of Education Review, 30(4), 740-754. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.002.
- Grootaert, C. (1998). Child labor in Cote d’Ivoire: incidence and determinants. Policy Research Working Papers, 1905. The World Bank. doi: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1905.
- Jacoby, H. G., & Skoufias, E. (1997). Risk, financial markets, and human capital in a developing country. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(3), 311-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2971716.
- Kambhampati, U. S., & Rajan, R. (2006). Economic growth: A panacea for child labor?. World Development, 34(3), 426-445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.010.
- Kim, J., & Zepeda, L. (2004). When the work is never done: Time allocation in US family farm households. Feminist Economics, 10(1), 115-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570042000198254.
- Kruger, D. I. (2007). Coffee production effects on child labor and schooling in rural Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 82(2), 448-463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.04.003.
- Light, H. K., Hertsgaard, D., & Martin, R. E. (1985). Farm children’s work in the family. Adolescence, 20(78), 425-432.
- Maccini, S., & Yang, D. (2009). Under the weather: Health, schooling, and economic consequences of early-life rainfall. American Economic Review, 99(3), 1006-1026. doi: 10.1257/aer.99.3.1006.
- Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children’s education and labour among Malawi’s poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.x.
- Ray, R. (2000). Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study. Journal of Population Economics, 13(1), 3-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050119.
- Saupe,W. E., & Bentley, S. (1994). Introduction to the survey. In B. Barham, S. Bentley, F. Buttel, J. Eisenhauer, Douglas B. Jackson-Smith, &W. Saupe, Status of Wisconsin farming, special edition: The 1993 ATFFI family farm survey. Department of Agricultural Economics and the Agricultural Technology and Family Farm Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Skoufias, E., & Parker, S. W. (2002). Labor market shocks and their impacts on work and schooling: evidence from urban Mexico. FCND Discussion Paper, 129. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division - International Food Policy Research Institute. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/47974.
- Suryahadi, A., Priyambada, A., & Sumarto, S. (2005). Poverty, school and work: Children during the economic crisis in Indonesia. Development and Change, 36(2), 351-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00414.x.
- Tang, C., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2018). Child labor in China. China Economic Review, 51, 149-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.05.006.
- Tibshirani, R. (1996). Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 58(1), 267-288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press. [29] Zepeda, L., & Kim, J. (2006). Farm parents’ views on their children’s labor on family farms: A focus group study of Wisconsin dairy farmers. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(1), 109-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-5873-8.
- Zepeda, L., & Kim, J. (2006). Farm parents’ views on their children’s labor on family farms: A focus group study ofWisconsin dairy farmers. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(1), 109-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-5873-8.
References
Bandara, A., Dehejia, R., & Lavie-Rouse, S. (2015). The impact of income and nonincome shocks on child labor: Evidence from a panel survey of Tanzania. World Development, 67, 218-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.019.
Basu, K., & Van, P. H. (1998). The economics of child labor. American Economic Review, 88(3), 412-427. https://www.jstor.org/stable/116842.
Beegle, K., Dehejia, R. H., & Gatti, R. (2006). Child labor and agricultural shocks. Journal of Development Economics, 81(1), 80-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.05.003.
Belloni, A., Chernozhukov, V., & Hansen, C. (2014). Inference on treatment effects after selection among high-dimensional controls. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(2), 608-650. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt044.
Bhalotra, S., & Heady, C. (2003). Child farm labor: The wealth paradox. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 197-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg017.
De Silva, I., & Sumarto, S. (2014). Does economic growth really benefit the poor? Income distribution dynamics and pro-poor growth in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(2), 227-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2014.938405.
Del Carpio, X. V., Loayza, N. V., &Wada, T. (2016). The impact of conditional cash transfers on the amount and type of child labor. World Development, 80, 33-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.013.
Dumas, C. (2007). Why do parents make their children work? A test of the poverty hypothesis in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Oxford Economic Papers, 59(2), 301-329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl031.
Edmonds, E. V. (2006). Understanding sibling differences in child labor. Journal of Population Economics, 19(4), 795-821. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0013-3.
Fitzsimons, E. (2007). The effects of risk on education in Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(1), 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/520560.
Frank, L. E., & Friedman, J. H. (1993). A statistical view of some chemometrics regression tools. Technometrics, 35(2), 109-135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1993.10485033.
Gee, K. A. (2010). Reducing child labour through conditional cash transfers: Evidence from nicaragua’s red de protecci ´on social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00506.x.
Grimm, M. (2011). Does household income matter for children’s schooling? Evidence for rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics of Education Review, 30(4), 740-754. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.002.
Grootaert, C. (1998). Child labor in Cote d’Ivoire: incidence and determinants. Policy Research Working Papers, 1905. The World Bank. doi: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1905.
Jacoby, H. G., & Skoufias, E. (1997). Risk, financial markets, and human capital in a developing country. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(3), 311-335. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2971716.
Kambhampati, U. S., & Rajan, R. (2006). Economic growth: A panacea for child labor?. World Development, 34(3), 426-445. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.010.
Kim, J., & Zepeda, L. (2004). When the work is never done: Time allocation in US family farm households. Feminist Economics, 10(1), 115-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570042000198254.
Kruger, D. I. (2007). Coffee production effects on child labor and schooling in rural Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 82(2), 448-463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.04.003.
Light, H. K., Hertsgaard, D., & Martin, R. E. (1985). Farm children’s work in the family. Adolescence, 20(78), 425-432.
Maccini, S., & Yang, D. (2009). Under the weather: Health, schooling, and economic consequences of early-life rainfall. American Economic Review, 99(3), 1006-1026. doi: 10.1257/aer.99.3.1006.
Miller, C., & Tsoka, M. (2012). Cash transfers and children’s education and labour among Malawi’s poor. Development Policy Review, 30(4), 499-522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00586.x.
Ray, R. (2000). Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study. Journal of Population Economics, 13(1), 3-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050119.
Saupe,W. E., & Bentley, S. (1994). Introduction to the survey. In B. Barham, S. Bentley, F. Buttel, J. Eisenhauer, Douglas B. Jackson-Smith, &W. Saupe, Status of Wisconsin farming, special edition: The 1993 ATFFI family farm survey. Department of Agricultural Economics and the Agricultural Technology and Family Farm Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Skoufias, E., & Parker, S. W. (2002). Labor market shocks and their impacts on work and schooling: evidence from urban Mexico. FCND Discussion Paper, 129. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division - International Food Policy Research Institute. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/47974.
Suryahadi, A., Priyambada, A., & Sumarto, S. (2005). Poverty, school and work: Children during the economic crisis in Indonesia. Development and Change, 36(2), 351-373. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00414.x.
Tang, C., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2018). Child labor in China. China Economic Review, 51, 149-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.05.006.
Tibshirani, R. (1996). Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 58(1), 267-288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press. [29] Zepeda, L., & Kim, J. (2006). Farm parents’ views on their children’s labor on family farms: A focus group study of Wisconsin dairy farmers. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(1), 109-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-5873-8.
Zepeda, L., & Kim, J. (2006). Farm parents’ views on their children’s labor on family farms: A focus group study ofWisconsin dairy farmers. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(1), 109-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-5873-8.