Article Sidebar
Submitted
September 25, 2024
Published
August 28, 2025
Download
Statistic
Read Counter :
905
Download : 1139
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bank Indonesia has attempted to calibrate its policy approach to adopting a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) called Rupiah Digital through the Garuda project, as an effort to address the issue of shadow banking that has developed into a shadow currency issue and even a shadow central banking issue. This study aims to determine the characteristics of digital banking users in Indonesia regarding the use of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). This study was examined using panel data regression analysis and then confirmed using Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Structural (SEM-PLS) analysis. The results show that socioeconomics (digital use), digital literacy, digital access, and digital security influence CBDC implementation in Indonesia. Furthermore, Indonesian society is ready to accept and use CBDC (r-CBDC). However, the implementation must be gradual because socioeconomics (digital use), digital literacy, digital access, and digital security in Indonesia are not evenly distributed and are still centered on the island of Java.
Keywords
central bank digital currency; nudge theory; panel data regression; SEM-PLS
Article Details
How to Cite
Widodo, K. D., Juanda, B., Setyowawan, D., & Lutfiyah, D. (2025). Digital rupiah: Are Indonesians ready?. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 14(2), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.52813/jei.v14i2.556
References
-
[1] Abdillah, W., Jogiyanto. (2015). Partial Least Squares (PLS) – Alternatif Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Andi
[2] Akmaliyah, D. (2017). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pembelian Ulang Kartu E-Money Bank Mandiri. Skripsi. IPB University.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[4] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2021. Jakarta: BPS.
[6] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2022. Jakarta: BPS.
[7] Bank Indonesia. (2019). Blueprint Sistem Pembayaran Indonesia 2025. https:/bi.go.id/
[8] Bank Indonesia. (2024). Statistik Sistem Pembayaran dan Infrastruktur Pasar Keuangan. https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/ekonomi- keuangan/spip. (diakses 2024 Aug 8).
[9] Bank Indonesia. (2023). Proyek Garuda: Menavigasi Sistem Arsitektur Digital Rupiah.https://www.bi.go.id/id/rupiah/digital-rupiah/Documents/White_Paper_CBDC-2022.pdf (diakses 2024 Jul 3).
[10] Bayu, N.K. (2019). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Perkembangan E-money sebagai Alat Transaksi di Jakarta. Skripsi. IPB University.
[11] Boar, C., Holden, H., & Wadsworth, A. (2020). Impending arrival–a sequel to the survei on central bank digital currency. BIS paper, (107).
[12] CBDC Tracker. (2024). Today’s Central Bank Digital Currencies Status. https://cbdctracker.org/(diakses 2024 Juli 31).
[13] Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295-336.
[14] Garson, G.D. (2016). Partial Least Squares: Regression and Structural Equation Models. Asheboro: Statistical Associates Publishers.
[15] Ghozali, Imam. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling, Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Squares (PLS). Edisi 4. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
[16] Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N.P., Ray, S. (2021). An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. In: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Classroom Companion: Business. Springer, Cham.
[17] Haryono, S. (2016). Metode SEM Untuk Penelitian Manajemen dengan AMOS 22.00, LISREL 8.80, dan Smart PLS 3.0. Bekasi: PT. Intermedia Personalia Utama.
[18] Indryanti, E. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengetahui Faktor- FaktoryangMemengaruhiIndeksPembangunanKesehatan Masyarakat di Pulau Papua [Desertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[19] Jabbar, A., Geebren, A., Hussain, Z., Dani, S., Ul-Durar. (2020). Investigating individual privacy within CBDC: A privacy calculus perspective. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101826. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf. 2022.101826.
[20] Juanda, B. (2021). Ekonomi Eksperimental. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[21] Juanda, B. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian: Ekonomi & Bisnis. Bogor: IPB Press.
[22] Juanda, B., Herdiyeni, Y., Anggraeni, L., Probokawuryan, M. (2023). Optimalisasi Desain Transformasi Digital untuk Peningkatan Kinerja UMKM di Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Penelitian. Bogor: IPB Press.
[23] Juanda, B., Irawan, T., Probokawuryan, M., Widodo, K.D. (2022). Desain Rupiah Digital sebagai Central Bank Digital Currency Indonesia dalam Upaya Mencapai Inklusi Keuangan dan Pemulihan Ekonomi. Laporan Hasil Penelitian.
[24] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2020). Roadmap Digital Indonesia 2021-2024. Siaran Pers No.240/HM/KOMINFO/07/2021. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (kominfo.go.id)
[25] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2024). Indeks Literasi Digital Indonesia. https://data.kominfo.go.id.
[26] Kementerian Keuangan. (2022). Odading: Mengenal Lebih Dekat Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). https://djpb.kemenkeu.go.id/
[27] Ngo, V.M., Nguyen, P.V., Nguyen, H.H., Tram, H.X.T., Hoang, L.C. (2022). Governance and monetary policy impacts on public acceptance of CBDC adoption. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101865. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101865
[28] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2019). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia Maret 2019. Jakarta: OJK.
[29] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2021). Strategi Nasional Literasi Keuangan Indonesia 2021-2025. Publikasi. Tersedia pada: https://ojk.go.id/
[30] People’s Bank of China. (2021). Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/4157443/4293696/2021 071614584691871.pdf
[31] Permadi, F.D. (2022). Penerapan Metode SEM-PLS pada Faktor Keberhasilan Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial di Provinsi Jawa Timur [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[32] Salsabila, R.S. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengevaluasi Faktor yang Memengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[33] Setyowawan, D. (2023). Dampak Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Terhadap Inklusi Keuangan di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[34] Solimun, Fernandes AR, Nurjannah. (2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Pendekatan WarpPLS. Malang: UB Press.
[35] Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta
[36] We_Are_Social. (2022). Digital in 2022 Global Overview: A Collection of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Data from Around the World. In Published by We Are Social and Hoot suite.
[37] Wetzels, M., Odekerken, G., Oppen, C.V., (2009). Using PLS Path Modeling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration. MIS Quarterly, Vol 33, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
[38] Widianti, D. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Potensi Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[39] Widodo, K.D. (2023). Determinan Persepsi Penggunaan Uang Elektronik di Indonesia: Implikasi pada Central Bank Digital Currency. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[40] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2024). Determinan Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Universitas Indonesia, Vol 24, No.2. doi: https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2024.8
[41] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Persepsi Penggunaan Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan, Vol 12, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.12.1.2023.22-39
References
[1] Abdillah, W., Jogiyanto. (2015). Partial Least Squares (PLS) – Alternatif Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Andi
[2] Akmaliyah, D. (2017). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pembelian Ulang Kartu E-Money Bank Mandiri. Skripsi. IPB University.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[4] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2021. Jakarta: BPS.
[6] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2022. Jakarta: BPS.
[7] Bank Indonesia. (2019). Blueprint Sistem Pembayaran Indonesia 2025. https:/bi.go.id/
[8] Bank Indonesia. (2024). Statistik Sistem Pembayaran dan Infrastruktur Pasar Keuangan. https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/ekonomi- keuangan/spip. (diakses 2024 Aug 8).
[9] Bank Indonesia. (2023). Proyek Garuda: Menavigasi Sistem Arsitektur Digital Rupiah.https://www.bi.go.id/id/rupiah/digital-rupiah/Documents/White_Paper_CBDC-2022.pdf (diakses 2024 Jul 3).
[10] Bayu, N.K. (2019). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Perkembangan E-money sebagai Alat Transaksi di Jakarta. Skripsi. IPB University.
[11] Boar, C., Holden, H., & Wadsworth, A. (2020). Impending arrival–a sequel to the survei on central bank digital currency. BIS paper, (107).
[12] CBDC Tracker. (2024). Today’s Central Bank Digital Currencies Status. https://cbdctracker.org/(diakses 2024 Juli 31).
[13] Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295-336.
[14] Garson, G.D. (2016). Partial Least Squares: Regression and Structural Equation Models. Asheboro: Statistical Associates Publishers.
[15] Ghozali, Imam. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling, Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Squares (PLS). Edisi 4. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
[16] Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N.P., Ray, S. (2021). An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. In: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Classroom Companion: Business. Springer, Cham.
[17] Haryono, S. (2016). Metode SEM Untuk Penelitian Manajemen dengan AMOS 22.00, LISREL 8.80, dan Smart PLS 3.0. Bekasi: PT. Intermedia Personalia Utama.
[18] Indryanti, E. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengetahui Faktor- FaktoryangMemengaruhiIndeksPembangunanKesehatan Masyarakat di Pulau Papua [Desertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[19] Jabbar, A., Geebren, A., Hussain, Z., Dani, S., Ul-Durar. (2020). Investigating individual privacy within CBDC: A privacy calculus perspective. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101826. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf. 2022.101826.
[20] Juanda, B. (2021). Ekonomi Eksperimental. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[21] Juanda, B. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian: Ekonomi & Bisnis. Bogor: IPB Press.
[22] Juanda, B., Herdiyeni, Y., Anggraeni, L., Probokawuryan, M. (2023). Optimalisasi Desain Transformasi Digital untuk Peningkatan Kinerja UMKM di Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Penelitian. Bogor: IPB Press.
[23] Juanda, B., Irawan, T., Probokawuryan, M., Widodo, K.D. (2022). Desain Rupiah Digital sebagai Central Bank Digital Currency Indonesia dalam Upaya Mencapai Inklusi Keuangan dan Pemulihan Ekonomi. Laporan Hasil Penelitian.
[24] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2020). Roadmap Digital Indonesia 2021-2024. Siaran Pers No.240/HM/KOMINFO/07/2021. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (kominfo.go.id)
[25] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2024). Indeks Literasi Digital Indonesia. https://data.kominfo.go.id.
[26] Kementerian Keuangan. (2022). Odading: Mengenal Lebih Dekat Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). https://djpb.kemenkeu.go.id/
[27] Ngo, V.M., Nguyen, P.V., Nguyen, H.H., Tram, H.X.T., Hoang, L.C. (2022). Governance and monetary policy impacts on public acceptance of CBDC adoption. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101865. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101865
[28] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2019). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia Maret 2019. Jakarta: OJK.
[29] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2021). Strategi Nasional Literasi Keuangan Indonesia 2021-2025. Publikasi. Tersedia pada: https://ojk.go.id/
[30] People’s Bank of China. (2021). Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/4157443/4293696/2021 071614584691871.pdf
[31] Permadi, F.D. (2022). Penerapan Metode SEM-PLS pada Faktor Keberhasilan Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial di Provinsi Jawa Timur [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[32] Salsabila, R.S. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengevaluasi Faktor yang Memengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[33] Setyowawan, D. (2023). Dampak Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Terhadap Inklusi Keuangan di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[34] Solimun, Fernandes AR, Nurjannah. (2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Pendekatan WarpPLS. Malang: UB Press.
[35] Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta
[36] We_Are_Social. (2022). Digital in 2022 Global Overview: A Collection of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Data from Around the World. In Published by We Are Social and Hoot suite.
[37] Wetzels, M., Odekerken, G., Oppen, C.V., (2009). Using PLS Path Modeling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration. MIS Quarterly, Vol 33, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
[38] Widianti, D. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Potensi Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[39] Widodo, K.D. (2023). Determinan Persepsi Penggunaan Uang Elektronik di Indonesia: Implikasi pada Central Bank Digital Currency. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[40] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2024). Determinan Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Universitas Indonesia, Vol 24, No.2. doi: https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2024.8
[41] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Persepsi Penggunaan Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan, Vol 12, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.12.1.2023.22-39
[2] Akmaliyah, D. (2017). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pembelian Ulang Kartu E-Money Bank Mandiri. Skripsi. IPB University.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[4] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2020. Jakarta: BPS.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2021. Jakarta: BPS.
[6] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Telekomunikasi Indonesia 2022. Jakarta: BPS.
[7] Bank Indonesia. (2019). Blueprint Sistem Pembayaran Indonesia 2025. https:/bi.go.id/
[8] Bank Indonesia. (2024). Statistik Sistem Pembayaran dan Infrastruktur Pasar Keuangan. https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/ekonomi- keuangan/spip. (diakses 2024 Aug 8).
[9] Bank Indonesia. (2023). Proyek Garuda: Menavigasi Sistem Arsitektur Digital Rupiah.https://www.bi.go.id/id/rupiah/digital-rupiah/Documents/White_Paper_CBDC-2022.pdf (diakses 2024 Jul 3).
[10] Bayu, N.K. (2019). Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Perkembangan E-money sebagai Alat Transaksi di Jakarta. Skripsi. IPB University.
[11] Boar, C., Holden, H., & Wadsworth, A. (2020). Impending arrival–a sequel to the survei on central bank digital currency. BIS paper, (107).
[12] CBDC Tracker. (2024). Today’s Central Bank Digital Currencies Status. https://cbdctracker.org/(diakses 2024 Juli 31).
[13] Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295-336.
[14] Garson, G.D. (2016). Partial Least Squares: Regression and Structural Equation Models. Asheboro: Statistical Associates Publishers.
[15] Ghozali, Imam. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling, Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Squares (PLS). Edisi 4. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
[16] Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N.P., Ray, S. (2021). An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. In: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Classroom Companion: Business. Springer, Cham.
[17] Haryono, S. (2016). Metode SEM Untuk Penelitian Manajemen dengan AMOS 22.00, LISREL 8.80, dan Smart PLS 3.0. Bekasi: PT. Intermedia Personalia Utama.
[18] Indryanti, E. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengetahui Faktor- FaktoryangMemengaruhiIndeksPembangunanKesehatan Masyarakat di Pulau Papua [Desertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[19] Jabbar, A., Geebren, A., Hussain, Z., Dani, S., Ul-Durar. (2020). Investigating individual privacy within CBDC: A privacy calculus perspective. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101826. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf. 2022.101826.
[20] Juanda, B. (2021). Ekonomi Eksperimental. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
[21] Juanda, B. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian: Ekonomi & Bisnis. Bogor: IPB Press.
[22] Juanda, B., Herdiyeni, Y., Anggraeni, L., Probokawuryan, M. (2023). Optimalisasi Desain Transformasi Digital untuk Peningkatan Kinerja UMKM di Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Penelitian. Bogor: IPB Press.
[23] Juanda, B., Irawan, T., Probokawuryan, M., Widodo, K.D. (2022). Desain Rupiah Digital sebagai Central Bank Digital Currency Indonesia dalam Upaya Mencapai Inklusi Keuangan dan Pemulihan Ekonomi. Laporan Hasil Penelitian.
[24] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2020). Roadmap Digital Indonesia 2021-2024. Siaran Pers No.240/HM/KOMINFO/07/2021. Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (kominfo.go.id)
[25] Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. (2024). Indeks Literasi Digital Indonesia. https://data.kominfo.go.id.
[26] Kementerian Keuangan. (2022). Odading: Mengenal Lebih Dekat Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). https://djpb.kemenkeu.go.id/
[27] Ngo, V.M., Nguyen, P.V., Nguyen, H.H., Tram, H.X.T., Hoang, L.C. (2022). Governance and monetary policy impacts on public acceptance of CBDC adoption. Research in International Business and Finance, Vol 6, 101865. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101865
[28] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2019). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia Maret 2019. Jakarta: OJK.
[29] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2021). Strategi Nasional Literasi Keuangan Indonesia 2021-2025. Publikasi. Tersedia pada: https://ojk.go.id/
[30] People’s Bank of China. (2021). Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688110/3688172/4157443/4293696/2021 071614584691871.pdf
[31] Permadi, F.D. (2022). Penerapan Metode SEM-PLS pada Faktor Keberhasilan Program Jaring Pengaman Sosial di Provinsi Jawa Timur [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[32] Salsabila, R.S. (2020). Penerapan SEM-PLS untuk Mengevaluasi Faktor yang Memengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[33] Setyowawan, D. (2023). Dampak Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Terhadap Inklusi Keuangan di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[34] Solimun, Fernandes AR, Nurjannah. (2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Pendekatan WarpPLS. Malang: UB Press.
[35] Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta
[36] We_Are_Social. (2022). Digital in 2022 Global Overview: A Collection of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Data from Around the World. In Published by We Are Social and Hoot suite.
[37] Wetzels, M., Odekerken, G., Oppen, C.V., (2009). Using PLS Path Modeling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration. MIS Quarterly, Vol 33, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
[38] Widianti, D. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Potensi Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[39] Widodo, K.D. (2023). Determinan Persepsi Penggunaan Uang Elektronik di Indonesia: Implikasi pada Central Bank Digital Currency. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
[40] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2024). Determinan Implementasi Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Universitas Indonesia, Vol 24, No.2. doi: https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2024.8
[41] Widodo, K.D., Juanda, B., Hakim, D.B,. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Persepsi Penggunaan Central Bank Digital Currency di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan, Vol 12, No.1. doi: https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.12.1.2023.22-39