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Abstract
Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world vegetable oil market. Palm oil and its derivative products are the highest contributors to foreign exchange in 2018. This study aims to analyze the impact of the European Union import non-tariff trade policies on the Indonesian and Malaysian economies The analysis uses the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of world trade on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) program. The results of this study found that the non-tariff import policy by the European Union had a negative impact on the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia. Moreover, the policy also has a negative impact on countries in Southeast Asia and the European Union. This shows that the enactment of non-tariff import trade policies for Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil products has a global impact.
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References
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- Ditjenbun. (2018, 21 Februari). Kelapa sawit wajib dilindungi. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Kementerian Pertanian. Retrieved from http://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/kelapa-sawit-wajib-dilindungi/.
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- Hertel, T. W. (Ed.). (1997). Global trade analysis: modeling and applications. Cambridge University Press.
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- Mukherjee, I., & Sovacool, B. K. (2014). Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.001.
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- Purba, H. J., Sinaga, B. M., Novianti, T., & Kustiari, R. (2018). Dampak kebijakan perdagangan terhadap pengembangan industri biodiesel Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 36(1), 1-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v36n1.2018.1-24.
- Rosillo-Calle, F., Pelkmans, L., &Walter, A. (2009). A global overview of vegetable oils, with reference to biodiesel. A report for the IEA Bioenergy Task, 40. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.508.5759&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
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- Wisena, B. A., Daryanto, A., Arifin, B., & Oktaviani, R. (2014). Sustainable development strategy and the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil Industry. International Journal Managerial Studies Research, 2(10), 102-115.
References
CEIC. (2019). Indonesia palm oil production. Retrieved on June 24, 2019 from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indonesia/palm-oil-production.
Ditjenbun. (2018, 21 Februari). Kelapa sawit wajib dilindungi. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Kementerian Pertanian. Retrieved from http://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/kelapa-sawit-wajib-dilindungi/.
Gashaw, A., & Teshita, A. (2014). Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and factors affecting its formation: A review. International Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3(5), 92-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.20140305.12.
GTAP. (2018). GTAP Models: RunGTAP. Global Trade Analysis Project. Retrieved on May 27, 2018 from www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/products/rungtap/default.asp.
Gunning, J. W., & Keyzer, M. A. (1995). Applied general equilibrium models for policy analysis. In J. Behrman, & T. N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of Development Economics Volume 3, Part A (pp. 2025-2107), North Holland. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(05)80007-5.
Hertel, T. W. (Ed.). (1997). Global trade analysis: modeling and applications. Cambridge University Press.
IndexMundi. (2019). Palm oil production by country in 1000 MT. Retrieved on June 25, 2019 from https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=palm-oil.
Mielke, T. (2015). Global supply, demand and price outlook of oils and fats. Presentation at 81st Annual Convention of NIOP, 15-17 March 2015, Bangkok, Thailand. Retrieved from https://niop.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Final-NIOP-Presentation-Th-Mielke-on-16-March-2015.pdf.
Mukherjee, I., & Sovacool, B. K. (2014). Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.001.
OECD/FAO. (2015). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012-2021. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HIGH AGLINK 2012.
Purba, H. J., Sinaga, B. M., Novianti, T., & Kustiari, R. (2018). Dampak kebijakan perdagangan terhadap pengembangan industri biodiesel Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 36(1), 1-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v36n1.2018.1-24.
Rosillo-Calle, F., Pelkmans, L., &Walter, A. (2009). A global overview of vegetable oils, with reference to biodiesel. A report for the IEA Bioenergy Task, 40. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.508.5759&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Sipayung, T., & Purba, J. H. V. (2015). Ekonomi agribisnis minyak sawit. Palm Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute.
Swa.co.id. (2015, 26 November). Sawit memberikan kontribusi devisa negara dan penghidupan masyarakat. Retrieved from https://swa.co.id/swa/trends/management/sawit-memberikan-kontribusi-devisa-negara-dan-penghidupan-masyarakat.
Wisena, B. A., Daryanto, A., Arifin, B., & Oktaviani, R. (2014). Sustainable development strategy and the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil Industry. International Journal Managerial Studies Research, 2(10), 102-115.